Elevated mutation rates may be selected for by Red Queen interactions with a host, meaning that pathogens like C. glabrata that grow only in association with their hosts would experience higher mutation rates than facultative pathogens like C. deuterogattii, or effectively nonpathogenic yeasts like S. cerevisiae. In fact, a putative recurrent infection of Cryptococcus neoformans was recently demonstrated to contain nonsense mutations in MSH2, MSH5, and RAD5, predicted to result in a mutator phenotype (Rhodes et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene SHPRH and Recurrent infections.