In the first case, long branch lengths were observed in genome sequencing of serial isolates from a recurrent infections that are correlated with nonsense mutations in MSH2, MSH5, and RAD5Rhodes et al., 2017.In the second case, two of eleven clinical isolates exhibited elevated mutation rate that is linked to either an MSH2 nonsense mutation or multiple MSH2 missense mutations (Boyce et al., 2017). Here, MSH2 is linked to infection.