Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been implicated in MDS hemopoietic suppression directly or mediated by the production of other myelosuppressive cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-32, IFN-g, and TNF), leading to decreased B cell proliferation, natural killer dysfunction, and propagation of cell autophagy or apoptosis. Here, TGFB1 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.