Overall, NMOSD monocytes exhibit a greater inflammatory response to IFN-γ and/or CD40L stimulation than HC and MS monocytes, also showing an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an impaired induction of IL-10 following CD40L stimulation, all of which suggest the existence of dysregulated cytokine production in NMOSD monocytes. The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.