Our data are consistent with the recently reported tumour suppressive role of FOXO4 in human gastrointestinal (GI) cancers33, 34, 35 and supports a strategy of targeting CK1α via pharmacological means to combat a subset of cancers, particularly those with activating mutations of RAS and/or activation of its diverse effector signalling cascades. This evidence concerns the gene CSNK1A1 and neoplasm.