CXCL8 and neoplasm: In tumor cells, TNFα activates IκB kinases (IKKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling to stimulate the nuclear translocation of transcription factors including activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1).6 TNFα promotes the expression of genes involved in tumor invasion and metastasis such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase, thus enhancing tumor progression.6, 7