TNF and breast cancer: High level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) is associated with an aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis in many malignant cancers, including breast cancers.4 Studies reported that TNFα induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition and further facilitates metastasis in breast cancer and prostate cancer.5 The signaling mechanisms underlying the pro-invasive activity of TNFα are still largely unknown.