Based on our patients, chemotherapy might be considered if these criteria apply: i) the tumor is according to all imaging, serological, clinical and histopathological data a primary liver cancer that lacks histopathological and immunopathological parameters to categorize it as HCC or ICC, ii) the tumor has a high proliferation index (>40%), iii) the tumor expresses one or more stem cell markers in addition to hepatocellular markers, iv) the tumor arises in non-cirrhotic liver, and v) the tumor marker AFP is elevated. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and liver cancer.