PGF and lung cancer: In this study we evaluated a series of factors that promote angiogenesis in lung cancer, including VEGF (VEGF-A), FGF-2, TGF-α, IL-8, PLGF, IGFBP-5, and IL-6 [27–30], as well as a range of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMPs -1, -2, -7, and -9, that initiate remodeling of the sub-epithelial stroma and blood vessels for new vessel formation [31, 32].