AKT1 and coinfection: In addition to the ERK MAPK pathway, co-infection of BCBL-1 cells with either HIV-1 or HSV-1 activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway, inactivates the downstream GSK-3β through its phosphorylation and decreases the expression of the negative regulator PTEN which in turn resulted in KSHV reactivation from latency [34, 35, 39]; on the other hand, pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K-AKT pathway induced KSHV lytic reactivation in BC-3 cells [40].