Second, when invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) and non-invasive ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the presence of podoplanin-expressing CAFs, the numbers of CAFs with high expression of this glycoprotein were significantly higher in IDC cases than in DCIS cases. The gene discussed is PDPN; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.