Elevated GDF-15 was found in patients with established CV diseases (hypertension, stable coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, ischaemic and non-ischaemic-induced cardiomyopathies, HF, atrial fibrillation), type-two diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, infection and liver cirrhosis and malignancy [63]. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and hydrops fetalis.