PDCD1 and cancer: With the recent US Food and Drug Administration approvals of immunotherapeutics such as the checkpoint inhibitor anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and the sipuleucel-T prostate cancer vaccine, as well as results emerging from ongoing clinical studies with other immunotherapeutics, immunotherapy is emerging as a modality for many cancer types and stages.