We found that GJA3 (-3.47 fold change, P < 0.001), DSP (-2.83 fold change, P < 0.01) and CTNNA3 (-1.51 fold change, P < 0.05) genes were all downregulated in DCM patients compared to CNT subjects (Fig 4A). This evidence concerns the gene DSP and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.