Although a detailed description of the potential role of each of these individual substances in lung cancer is beyond the scope of this paper, each of these cytokines has been identified in the past as either an inflammatory (VEGF, GM-CSF, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-1a) or a potentially antitumor (IL-12, IFNγ) cytokine. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is lung cancer.