At the molecular level, a subset of transcription factors (TFs) in β-cell—such as musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) bZIP transcription factor A (MAFA), pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (PDX1), and homeobox protein NKX6.1—were recently shown to be inactivated under T2DM stress conditions in human T2DM islet β-cells and mouse models of T2DM [15,16,17]. This evidence concerns the gene PDX1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.