SPP1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Significant research is underway to identify specific TLRs implicated in IBD pathogenesis that may become future therapeutic targets, and preclinical trials have begun to examine the therapeutic use of a few TLRs in IBD including OPN-401, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody against TLR-2; and 1A6, A TLR-4 antagonist [142].