TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Of these, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) focused treatments have been the most widely used, however levels of efficacy have been extremely variable with initial non-response rates of over 30%, followed by a secondary loss of response of 30% [7].Identifying immune treatment targets for IBD is a rapidly evolving area of research, however, the unpredictable variability in response rates suggests a very complex and still unidentified interaction between factors and an individual patient variability.