It has been proposed to measure these biomarkers as functional (e.g., serum creatinine, serum cystatin C) and damage (e.g., NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; TIMP2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; IGFBP3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3) markers in combination to improve the diagnostic categorization of AKI and permit more guided interventions [43]. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and acute kidney injury.