TNF and infection: Cytokine secretion analyses demonstrated a significant induction of IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 release 48 hours post infection (Fig. 1) To corroborate our findings, we measured the same cytokine panel after infection of human blood-derived macrophages with L. pneumophila (Supplementary Fig. S1) and observed an induction pattern similar to THP-1 cells.