TNF and tuberculosis: In the blood, Mtb-specific polyfunctional CD4 T cells simultaneously expressing IFNγ and IL219 or IFNγ, IL2, and/or TNFα can correlate with TB latency20–23, while other studies found this particular functional profile24,25 as well as single Mtb-specific TNFα+ cells26 to be associated with TB and disease severity.