Recent studies suggest that, in male mice, reduced fertility and apoptosis/necrosis of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells in response to TiO2 NP administration is related to increased inflammatory responses and compromised immunity in the testes, including impaired tumor associated macrophages/toll-like receptor 3 (TAM/TLR3) signaling (Ritz et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene TLR3 and neoplasm.