MAPK3 and lung carcinoma: Moreover, LMF targets transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptors (TGFRs) and degrades TGFRs via the Smurf2-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, leading to the inhibition of Smad2/3 and non-Smad pathways: AKT, ERK1/2 and FAK phosphorylation which are implicated in lung cancer cell progression in vitro and in vivo29.