Notably, emerging data show that in addition to its well characterized role in cancer, HPSE activity may represent an important determinant in the pathogenesis of several viral diseases, including those caused by HSV, DENV, ADNV, HPV, HCV, and some retroviruses (Stavrou, Agelidis, and Shukla, unpublished results). This evidence concerns the gene HPSE and cancer.