TNF and psoriasis: In the context of psoriasis CAP has been shown to induce downregulation of IL-12 and upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNAs in human keratinocytes [118].