HP and chronic kidney disease: The zonulin (Zo) measurements showed an increased level in T2DM-CKD, 22.59 ± 2.04 ng/mL (median 22.61, interquartile range, 18.19–25.3 ng/mL) compared to healthy subjects, 14.2 ± 1.46 ng/mL (median 14.21, interquartile range, 8.34–18.84 ng/mL), p < 0.05 (Figure 3A).