NES and central nervous system cancer: With the continued development of high-throughput genomics technology, many studies have explored genetic alterations associated with low-grade gliomas, such as telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation29, CpG island methylator phenotypes (CIMP)30, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation31, and changes in nestin expression32.