CTSS and atherosclerosis: Measuring the activity of lysosomal cathepsins known to be expressed in macrophages revealed that falcarindiol simultaneously suppresses the activity of cathepsin B, S, and K. Among these three cathepsins, cathepsin S and K were proposed to reduce cholesterol efflux from macrophages (Lindstedt et al., 2003; Lutgens et al., 2007) and knockout of cathepsin S or K genes was shown to lead to decreased atherosclerosis in mice (Sukhova et al., 2003; Lutgens et al., 2006).