TNF and neoplasm: However, recent studies have revealed that CoCC is a distinct molecular entity compared with other HPC-derived liver tumors, as determined by gene profiling analysis, and also revealed that CoCC shows significant upregulation of TGF-beta signaling and inflammatory and immune response signatures, such as interleukin-6, TNF-α, and chemokines and their receptors, which are known as factors of angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration into the tumor [23].