These changes were concordant for patients with and without augmentation therapy and remained significant when AATD + T and AATD-T were combined (prevalence in COPD vs. AATD: hypertension 57 vs. 41%, chronic heart failure 11 vs. 2%, diabetes without insulin 9 vs. 3%, cardiac infarction 9 vs. 1%, and cardiac arterial disease 3 vs. 17%). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.