PRKAA1 and adenocarcinoma: Shackelford et al (2013) [92], studied mutant K-RasG12S-LKB1−/− adenocarcinoma lines and detected LKB1-dependent activation of AMPK and blockade of mTOR by both metformin and phenformin when wild type LKB1 was transfected, but detected apoptosis only in response to phenformin.