AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: We demonstrated that strong intensity of NIRF dye can be observed in the tumour tissues, but not in the normal liver tissues, and the interface between HCC and surrounding normal tissue was clearly defined, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining performed using two well-established HCC markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which was confirmed by H&E assessment (Figure 2B).