TNF and age-related macular degeneration: APOE, a transporter of lipoproteins and fat‐soluble vitamins, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and implicated in downregulation of orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) 37, showed increased expression in high‐risk donors (Fig. 3G, 3H); however, interleukin‐18 (IL18), a cytokine that can suppress VEGF expression and has been associated with AMD 38 showed no significant difference between genotypes (Fig. 3I).