As Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a fibrosis stimulator, could induce intracellular Smad protein active to be a transcription factor thus play a key role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, each putative promoter (5 kb upstream of transcription start) of up-regulated lncRNAs were analyzed to identify the potential binding site (CAGACA) of Smad3. Here, SMAD3 is linked to renal fibrosis.