CD8A and infection: Since NRTUAs are easily genetically engineered to express heterologous antigens that are vigorously presented by MHCI to activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells [18, 23], NRTUAs represent a novel and broadly applicable TH1 vaccine platform with the ability to elicit potent CD8+ T-cell-dependent protective immune responses not only against cancer but perhaps also against various intracellular protozoan (malaria), bacterial (tuberculosis), or viral (HIV) pathogens where a more effective TH1 cellular immunity could be beneficial to prevent infection or eradicate existing infection.