HERC4 and infection: As shown in Figure 5, of the genes participating in metal ion binding (MIB1, KAT6B, ITGA8, HBAC, KCNC1, and F13A), most were downregulated during the later stages of GCRV infection, whereas genes involved in protein ubiquitination (HERC1 and HERC4) were upregulated during the later stages of infection.