DDIT3 and cervical carcinoma: In this study, weconfirmed that ER stress triggered by compounds such as brefeldin A (BFA), tunicamycin(TM), and thapsigargin (TG) leads to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR)in cervical cancer cell lines, which is characterized by elevated levels ofinositol-requiring kinase 1α, glucose-regulated protein-78, and C/EBPhomologous protein, and swelling of the ER observed by transmission electron microscope(TEM).