Recently, injection of attenuated, non-replicating parasites increased long-term survival of mice with melanoma146, pancreatic147, and ovarian148 cancers by stimulating high-level expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, IL-12, and tumor antigen specific CD8 + T cell populations and increasing cytolytic capacity of activated macrophages149. The gene discussed is CD86; the disease is cancer.