In a Japanese study, TGF-β acted as a tumor suppressor by transmitting a signal through pSmad3C (phosphorylate Smad3 at the COOH-terminal) and participating in the cytostatic response by repressing c-Myc gene, and on the other hand, pSmad2/3 L (phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 at the linker regions) signaling had oncogenic potential on tumor growth and invasion via up-regulation of c-Myc and MMP [39]. Here, SMAD2 is linked to neoplasm.