Another important finding of the present study is that the protein expression of cytosolic cytochrome C (i.e., mitochondrial damage) was remarkably increased and the protein expressions of mitochondrial cytochrome C and PGC-1α (i.e., mitochondrial integrity) substantially dropped in LVIs/LVIs-CKD animals compared to those in SC animals. This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and chronic kidney disease.