GDF15 and Familial prostate cancer: In addition SPINK1 overexpression has also been associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence in hormonally and surgically treated prostate cancer cohorts [36] while enhanced level of GDF-15 in prostate tumor cells has been also associated with their acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype and docetaxel resistance, even in PCa stem/progenitor cells [37].