TG and thyroid gland carcinoma: Figure 16 shows the functionalized surface and binding mechanism. Detecting a single protein is also one of the challenges [29,111,112]. With nanotechnology, the detection of a single thyroid cancer biomarker has been reported for thyroglobulin protein (Tg) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). A dielectric microsphere was prepared with a single gold nanoshell bound at the equator (Figure 16).