In the TD cohort, 69 of the 71 dysplasia samples had a mutated TP53 in conjunction with LOH (two-hit), which is similar to the results of ESCCs, in which 51 of the 54 samples harbored the two-hit alterations in TP53. Comparison of the LDs and HDs as well as dysplasia adjacent/non-adjacent to ESCCs reported no significant difference (Fig. 6d). Here, TP53 is linked to dysplasia.