In human lung cancer cells, NRF2 regulates serine biosynthesis via activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) to support GSH and nucleotide production and coordinately activates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to supply ribose for nucleic acid biosynthesis (29, 107). The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is lung carcinoma.