In this aspect, our present study differs from a recent report where the importance of IL-18R/MyD88 signaling for a noncognate Th1 response was put in evidence at later time points of infection with Salmonella, by the injection of LPS, (O'Donnell et al., 2014), apparently in a TCR-independent way, as previously proposed (Robinson et al., 1997; Berenson et al., 2004). This evidence concerns the gene MYD88 and infection.