Based on the role of ASGPR in targeting therapy for liver cancer (Liu et al., 2014; Craparo et al., 2015), a free carboxyl group was linked to one end of P188 to synthesize P188 succinate (SP188) via an esterification reaction (Mei & Zeng, XXXX), and galactosyl-succinyl-poloxamer 188 (Gal-SP188) was then synthesized (Peça et al., 2012). The gene discussed is ASGR1; the disease is liver cancer.