MAPK3 and viral infectious disease: Many MPs are capable of inducing inflammatory pathways in DCs mediated by signaling via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) which can be activated by growth factors, cytokines, stress factors, viral infections, carcinogens, and bacterial components such as, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Karlson et al., 2013).