Interestingly, although ENTPD1 and ENTPD2 share similar functions, demonstrated by ENTPD1- and ENTPD2-KO tumor models, ENTPD2 had greater effects on tumor growth, implying that ENTPD2 took the major role in HCC progression (Supplementary Figs. 6–7). Here, ENTPD1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.