ITGAM and hepatocellular carcinoma: To thoroughly investigate how ENTPD2 promoted MDSC accumulation, we stably overexpressed ENTPD2 using the CRISPR-dCas9 synergistic activator system (SAM) system in HCC cells (Supplementary Fig. 8a, b) and collected the conditioned media to culture the freshly isolated splenic CD11b+Gr1+ MDSCs from C57BL/6 mice.