TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β functions in human cancers by means of a heteromeric receptor comprising TGF-β receptor type I (TGFBR1) and type II (TGFBR2), and genetic variations in TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 play an important role in pathogenesis of several diseases like gastric cancer and liver cancer [15].