From the top 10% of the KDGs in this rank-ordered list (Figs. 1d and 2, and Supplementary Table 15), we identified five KDGs that had not previously been validated as an IBD-associated gene: DOCK2 (encoding dedicator of cytokinesis 2), GPSM3 (G-protein-signaling modulator-3), AIF1 (allograft inflammatory factor 1), NCKAP1L (NCK-associated protein 1 like), and DOK3 (downstream of kinase 3). Here, AIF1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.