APP and Alzheimer disease: Notably, in addition to its anti-AChE activity, (−)-Phen is able to inhibit the synthesis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and alpha-synuclein (α-syn), proteins of consequence in the pathology of AD and PD, respectively, and of currently increasing relevance to TBI in light of the up regulation of pathways leading to AD and PD in animal models of TBI [9–12] and in light of increased risk for early onset dementia and PD in humans suffering TBI [7, 8, 65–67].