In both groups MCP-1 plasma levels increased significantly after ablation independent form AF recurrence (patients without recurrence: 268 pg/ml vs. 349 pg/ml; Δ 81 pg/ml; p<0.01; patients with recurrence: 281 pg/ml vs. 355 pg/ml; Δ74 pg/ml; p = 0.03; Fig 2-C). Here, CCL2 is linked to atrial fibrillation.