Bystander cells may also be susceptible to effluxed MMAE, with at least one study demonstrating apoptotic induction in co-cultured CD30-negative tumor cells.79, 80 Additionally, it seems that MMAE itself promotes T-cell expansion and activation, not only through enhanced antigen presentation, but also via a direct priming effect on dendritic cell maturation and differentiation.81 The gene discussed is TNFRSF8; the disease is neoplasm.